{"id":8651,"date":"2023-02-06T12:56:03","date_gmt":"2023-02-06T15:56:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/rtmedical.com.br\/?p=8651"},"modified":"2023-02-23T10:39:41","modified_gmt":"2023-02-23T13:39:41","slug":"dicom-tag","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/rtmedical.com.br\/en\/dicom-tag\/","title":{"rendered":"DICOM Tag?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>DICOM (<em>Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine<\/em>) is an international communication standard that allows the transfer of digital medical information and images. The <a href=\"https:\/\/rtmedical.com.br\/o-que-e-dicom-na-radiologia\/\">DICOM<\/a> tags are numerical identifiers that describe specific information about an image or medical information.<\/p>\n<p>Each image generated by medical equipment has stored inside a block of information about the technical aspects of the image, the patient and the transfer methods at the beginning, followed by the actual data of the image. Each DICOM tag has three components: the tag, the VR (Value Representation) and the name. The tag is a unique 16-bit identifier that identifies the information described in the tag. VR defines the type of information the tag represents, such as date, text, or number. The name is a textual description of the information described in the tag.<\/p>\n<p>Some examples of DICOM tags include:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>(0010, 0010) Patient&#8217;s Name<\/strong> &#8211; the name of the patient described in the image or medical information<\/li>\n<li><strong>(0010, 0020) Patient&#8217;s ID<\/strong> &#8211; the identification number of the patient depicted in the image or medical information<\/li>\n<li><strong>(0020, 000D) Study Instance UID<\/strong> &#8211; a unique identifier for each medical study performed<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>DICOM tags guarantee security in the exchange of medical information, as they provide the unique and precise identification of each image or medical information, as well as providing specific information about the patient and the associated medical study. This allows healthcare professionals to identify and access the correct information for each patient, minimizing the possibility of medical errors.<\/p>\n<h3>DICOM file<\/h3>\n<p>The DICOM format uses a standardized file structure to store and transfer medical information, ensuring that information is preserved and interpreted consistently across different systems. This is critical to ensuring the integrity, security and privacy of medical information and protecting the patient. Formally known as &#8216;DICOM data objects&#8217;, they consist of various attributes (components), including a preamble (identifying the file type and components), a block of data (commonly known as DICOM headers, including patient demographic data, technical information about the image, the study, its acquisition parameters and acquisition device along with many other attributes listed) and the image data itself (a single attribute that contains the data needed to recreate the pixels or voxels of the image).<\/p>\n<h3>UIDs<\/h3>\n<p>Several unique identifiers (UIDs) are generated within each modality and included in the images<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_8611\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><img decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-8611\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-8611 lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/rtmedical.com.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Captura-de-Tela-2023-02-02-as-19.28.56-300x188.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"188\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/rtmedical.com.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Captura-de-Tela-2023-02-02-as-19.28.56-300x188.png 300w, https:\/\/rtmedical.com.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Captura-de-Tela-2023-02-02-as-19.28.56-600x375.png 600w, https:\/\/rtmedical.com.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Captura-de-Tela-2023-02-02-as-19.28.56-1024x640.png 1024w, https:\/\/rtmedical.com.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Captura-de-Tela-2023-02-02-as-19.28.56-768x480.png 768w, https:\/\/rtmedical.com.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Captura-de-Tela-2023-02-02-as-19.28.56.png 1280w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 300px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 300\/188;\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-8611\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">DICOM UIDs<\/p><\/div>\n<p>produced. These identifiers together serve to present different information about the generating devices, the patient, the individual meeting and the files that make up the study. Moving on, each image within a study contains several different UIDs to link that single image to the rest of the series, the exam, and the overall patient encounter (the hierarchy being: Patient &gt; Study &gt; Series &gt; Image). The UIDs generated as part of the process must be globally unique, and there are numerous issuance registries, which seek to avoid duplication by assigning batches to manufacturers and individuals or locations as needed.<\/p>\n<p>All UIDs generated for DICOM services start with the first dig \u00ac1.2.840.10008[&#8230;] allowing for easy recognition among wider network traffic. Figure 8.2 identifies the UIDs in a portion of an example DICOM header.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3>Public tags and private tags<\/h3>\n<h4>Public DICOM Tags<\/h4>\n<p>The public tags are the &#8216;common&#8217; tags that have been standardized internationally by the <a href=\"https:\/\/dicom.nema.org\/medical\/dicom\/current\/output\/html\/part01.html\">committee<\/a> and probably encountered under normal circumstances. These range from those common to all exams (patient name, date of birth, address, accession number, etc.) to those found only in certain exams (e.g. pitch, scan width, CT slice thickness ). Public tags have even group numbers (the first block of numbers on each line, such as [0008], [0010]).<\/p>\n<h4>Private DICOM Tags<\/h4>\n<p>On the other hand, private dicom tags found in medical image headers are distinguished from public tags because their group numbers are odd numbers.<br \/>\nPrivate tags contain pieces of image information that are unique to the equipment through which the image was acquired, or are extra pieces of data provided beyond what is available in public tags toto allow for more specialized use. Some uses of private tags can create a form of vendor lock-in &#8211; a problem seen historically in CT &#8211; without knowledge of the specific private tags and the expected data contained therein, it may only be possible to efficiently use a rebuild station of the same brand ( and maybe even model line) than the acquisition scanner.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3>Photometric interpretations<\/h3>\n<p>Not all digital images are captured in grayscale only; even when images are in grayscale, there is a question as to which &#8216;way&#8217; the grayscale is applied to a particular image. For example, on a grayscale of 0-256, 0 is the whitest pixel value with 256 being pure black (a grayscale gradient in between) or vice versa.<\/p>\n<p>The photometric interpretation definition is performed with each image and allows the display software to faithfully render (display) images as intended. The specialized literature states that problems were found with incorrect values of photometric interpretation, with images from legacy CR equipment being displayed inverted when transmitted by data sharing services until a patch for the original equipment was applied. The photometric interpretation values are typically:<\/p>\n<p><em><strong>Monochrome 2<\/strong> <\/em>(the smallest pixel value is displayed in black),<\/p>\n<p><em><strong>Monochrome 1<\/strong> <\/em>(the smallest pixel value is displayed in white) or RGB (color for display on \u00acmonitors). A photometric interpretation DICOM tag is included with each image to ensure images are displayed correctly.DICOM (<em>Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine<\/em>) \u00e9 um padr\u00e3o internacional de comunica\u00e7\u00e3o que permite a transfer\u00eancia de informa\u00e7\u00f5es e imagens m\u00e9dicas digitais. As tags <a href=\"https:\/\/rtmedical.com.br\/o-que-e-dicom-na-radiologia\/\">DICOM<\/a> s\u00e3o identificadores num\u00e9ricos que descrevem informa\u00e7\u00f5es espec\u00edficas sobre uma imagem ou informa\u00e7\u00e3o m\u00e9dica.<\/p>\n<p>Cada imagem gerada por um equipamento m\u00e9dico possui armazenado em seu interior um bloco de informa\u00e7\u00f5es sobre os aspectos t\u00e9cnicos da imagem, o paciente e os m\u00e9todos de transfer\u00eancia em seu in\u00edcio, seguidos dos dados reais da imagem. Cada tag DICOM possui tr\u00eas componentes: a tag, o VR (Value Representation) e o nome. A tag \u00e9 um identificador \u00fanico de 16 bits que identifica a informa\u00e7\u00e3o descrita na tag. O VR define o tipo de informa\u00e7\u00e3o que a tag representa, como data, texto ou n\u00famero. O nome \u00e9 uma descri\u00e7\u00e3o textual da informa\u00e7\u00e3o descrita na tag.<\/p>\n<p>Alguns exemplos de tags DICOM incluem:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>(0010, 0010) Patient&#8217;s Name<\/strong> &#8211; o nome do paciente descrito na imagem ou informa\u00e7\u00e3o m\u00e9dica<\/li>\n<li><strong>(0010, 0020) Patient&#8217;s ID<\/strong> &#8211; o n\u00famero de identifica\u00e7\u00e3o do paciente descrito na imagem ou informa\u00e7\u00e3o m\u00e9dica<\/li>\n<li><strong>(0020, 000D) Study Instance UID<\/strong> &#8211; um identificador \u00fanico para cada estudo m\u00e9dico realizado<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>As tags DICOM garantem a seguran\u00e7a na troca de informa\u00e7\u00f5es m\u00e9dicas, pois proporcionam a identifica\u00e7\u00e3o \u00fanica e precisa de cada imagem ou informa\u00e7\u00e3o m\u00e9dica, bem como fornecem informa\u00e7\u00f5es espec\u00edficas sobre o paciente e o estudo m\u00e9dico associado. Isso permite que os profissionais de sa\u00fade possam identificar e acessar as informa\u00e7\u00f5es corretas para cada paciente, minimizando a possibilidade de erros m\u00e9dicos.<\/p>\n<h3>Arquivo DICOM<\/h3>\n<p>O formato DICOM utiliza uma estrutura de arquivo padronizada para armazenar e transferir informa\u00e7\u00f5es m\u00e9dicas, garantindo que as informa\u00e7\u00f5es sejam preservadas e interpretadas de maneira consistente em diferentes sistemas. Isso \u00e9 fundamental para garantir a integridade, seguran\u00e7a e privacidade das informa\u00e7\u00f5es m\u00e9dicas e proteger o paciente. Formalmente conhecidos como &#8216;objetos de dados DICOM&#8217;, eles consistem em v\u00e1rios atributos (componentes), incluindo um pre\u00e2mbulo (identificando o tipo de arquivo e os componentes), um bloco de dados (comumente conhecido como cabe\u00e7alhos DICOM, incluindo dados demogr\u00e1ficos do paciente, informa\u00e7\u00f5es t\u00e9cnicas sobre a imagem, o estudo, seus par\u00e2metros de aquisi\u00e7\u00e3o e dispositivo de aquisi\u00e7\u00e3o juntamente com muitos outros atributos listados) e os pr\u00f3prios dados da imagem (um \u00fanico atributo que cont\u00e9m os dados necess\u00e1rios para recriar os pixels ou voxels da imagem).<\/p>\n<h3>UIDs<\/h3>\n<p>V\u00e1rios identificadores exclusivos (UIDs) s\u00e3o gerados dentro de cada modalidade e inclu\u00eddos nas imagens<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_8611\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><img decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-8611\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-8611 lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/rtmedical.com.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Captura-de-Tela-2023-02-02-as-19.28.56-300x188.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"188\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/rtmedical.com.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Captura-de-Tela-2023-02-02-as-19.28.56-300x188.png 300w, https:\/\/rtmedical.com.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Captura-de-Tela-2023-02-02-as-19.28.56-600x375.png 600w, https:\/\/rtmedical.com.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Captura-de-Tela-2023-02-02-as-19.28.56-1024x640.png 1024w, https:\/\/rtmedical.com.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Captura-de-Tela-2023-02-02-as-19.28.56-768x480.png 768w, https:\/\/rtmedical.com.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Captura-de-Tela-2023-02-02-as-19.28.56.png 1280w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 300px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 300\/188;\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-8611\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">UIDs DICOM<\/p><\/div>\n<p>produzidas. Esses identificadores juntos servem para apresentar diferentes informa\u00e7\u00f5es sobre os dispositivos geradores, o paciente, o encontro individual e os arquivos que comp\u00f5em o estudo. Continuando, cada imagem dentro de um estudo cont\u00e9m v\u00e1rios UIDs diferentes para vincular essa \u00fanica imagem ao restante da s\u00e9rie, ao exame e ao encontro geral do paciente (sendo a hierarquia: Paciente &gt; Estudo &gt; S\u00e9rie &gt; Imagem). Os UIDs gerados como parte do processo devem ser globalmente exclusivos e existem v\u00e1rios registros de emiss\u00e3o, que procuram evitar a duplica\u00e7\u00e3o, atribuindo lotes a fabricantes e indiv\u00edduos ou locais conforme necess\u00e1rio.<\/p>\n<p>Todos os UIDs gerados para servi\u00e7os DICOM come\u00e7am com o primeiro dig \u00ac1.2.840.10008[&#8230;] permitindo seu f\u00e1cil reconhecimento entre o tr\u00e1fego de rede mais amplo. A Figura 8.2 identifica os UIDs em uma parte de um exemplo de cabe\u00e7alho DICOM.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3>Tags p\u00fablicas e tags privadas<\/h3>\n<h4>Tags DICOM P\u00fablicas<\/h4>\n<p>As tags p\u00fablicas s\u00e3o as tags &#8216;comuns&#8217; que foram padronizadas internacionalmente pelo <a href=\"https:\/\/dicom.nema.org\/medical\/dicom\/current\/output\/html\/part01.html\">comit\u00ea<\/a> e provavelmente encontradas em circunst\u00e2ncias normais. Estes v\u00e3o desde os comuns em todos os exames (nome do paciente, data de nascimento, endere\u00e7o, n\u00famero de acesso, etc.), at\u00e9 aqueles encontrados apenas em determinados exames (por exemplo, pitch, largura da varredura, espessura do corte na TC). As tags p\u00fablicas t\u00eam n\u00fameros de grupos pares (o primeiro bloco de n\u00fameros em cada linha, como [0008], [0010]).<\/p>\n<h4>Tags DICOM Privadas<\/h4>\n<p>J\u00e1 as tags dicom\u00a0 privadas encontradas em cabe\u00e7alhos de imagens m\u00e9dicas s\u00e3o diferenciadas de marcas p\u00fablicas por seus n\u00fameros de grupo serem n\u00fameros \u00edmpares.<br \/>\nAs tags privadas cont\u00eam partes de informa\u00e7\u00f5es de imagem que s\u00e3o exclusivas do equipamento por meio do qual a imagem foi adquirida ou s\u00e3o partes extras de dados fornecidas al\u00e9m daquelas dispon\u00edveis em tags p\u00fablicas para permitir um uso mais especializado. Alguns usos de tags privadas podem criar uma forma de aprisionamento do fornecedor &#8211; um problema visto historicamente em CT &#8211; sem o conhecimento das tags privadas espec\u00edficas e dos dados esperados contidos nelas, s\u00f3 pode ser poss\u00edvel usar com efici\u00eancia uma esta\u00e7\u00e3o de reconstru\u00e7\u00e3o da mesma marca (e talvez at\u00e9 mesmo linha de modelo) que o tom\u00f3grafo de aquisi\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3>Interpreta\u00e7\u00f5es fotom\u00e9tricas<\/h3>\n<p>Nem todas as imagens digitais s\u00e3o capturadas apenas em escala de cinza; mesmo quando as imagens est\u00e3o em escala de cinza, h\u00e1 uma d\u00favida sobre qual &#8216;maneira&#8217; a escala de cinza \u00e9 aplicada em uma imagem espec\u00edfica. Por exemplo, em uma escala de cinza de 0-256, 0 \u00e9 o valor de pixel mais branco com 256 sendo preto puro (um gradiente de tons de cinza entre) ou vice-versa.<\/p>\n<p>A defini\u00e7\u00e3o da interpreta\u00e7\u00e3o fotom\u00e9trica \u00e9 realizada com cada imagem e permite que o software de exibi\u00e7\u00e3o renderize (exiba) imagens fielmente conforme pretendido. A literatura especializada afirma que foram encontrados problemas com valores incorretos de interpreta\u00e7\u00e3o fotom\u00e9trica, com imagens de equipamentos CR herdados sendo exibidas invertidas quando transmitidas por servi\u00e7os de compartilhamento de dados at\u00e9 que um patch para o equipamento original fosse aplicado. Os valores de interpreta\u00e7\u00e3o fotom\u00e9trica s\u00e3o tipicamente:<\/p>\n<p><em><strong>Monocrom\u00e1tico 2<\/strong> <\/em>(o menor valor de pixel \u00e9 exibido em preto),<\/p>\n<p><em><strong>Monocrom\u00e1tico 1<\/strong> <\/em>(o menor valor de pixel \u00e9 exibido em branco) ou RGB (cor para exibi\u00e7\u00e3o em \u00acmonitores). Uma tag DICOM de interpreta\u00e7\u00e3o fotom\u00e9trica est\u00e1 inclu\u00edda em cada imagem para garantir que as imagens sejam exibidas corretamente.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>DICOM (Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine) is an international communication standard that allows the transfer of digital medical information and images. The DICOM tags are numerical identifiers that describe&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":6881,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"fifu_image_url":"","fifu_image_alt":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[100],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-8651","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-radiology"},"aioseo_notices":[],"rt_seo":{"title":"","description":"","canonical":"","og_image":"","robots":"default","schema_type":"default","include_in_llms":false,"llms_label":"","llms_summary":"","faq_items":[],"video":[],"gtin":"","mpn":"","brand":"","aggregate_rating":[]},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/rtmedical.com.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8651\/"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/rtmedical.com.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/rtmedical.com.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post\/"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rtmedical.com.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1\/"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rtmedical.com.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments\/?post=8651"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/rtmedical.com.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8651\/revisions\/"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rtmedical.com.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/6881\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/rtmedical.com.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/?parent=8651"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rtmedical.com.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories\/?post=8651"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rtmedical.com.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags\/?post=8651"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}